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She has taught us everything we need to be a great researcher including being creative, thinking deeply, and the skills for presenting ideas and writing papers. She is also always approachable, nice, polite, and considerate. She is a perfect role model and we have learned so much from her. Also, we would like to thank our parents for their love and support for our entire life. Last but not least, we would like to thank God, for creating this beautiful universe and giving me this wonderful life.Dedication This research papers, our dedicated to subject professor Ma'am Lea Jason she never failed to guide us, to our family who supports me and my classmates in everything, to my friends who helped me finished this project, to the students know about what adolescence is, how affects one's health, ways to treat it and how to treat the adolescence and most of all to God who gives me and my mates strength and good health while doing this. To all of the adolescence who are in this stage, so tha t they will know how that no matter adolescence are in today, and the ways that adolescence has in the past.I dedicate this research because I want them to know that adolescence can be treated with other and easy way and how they prevent them in this stage. Table of Contents . PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction a. B. State of the Problem Significance of the Study d. Methods and Sources of Data Scope and Delimitation of the Study. E. Definition of Terms Conceptual Frameworks g. II. Summary of Data A Definition B History C Kinds D Benefits Ill. Survey and Questionnaires Profile Background Parents Answers IV. Conclusion V. Appendices A. Outline B. Copy of Questionnaires VI.Bibliography l. Problem and its Background A. Introduction Adolescents is the time where we experience the difference changes or stage that occur in the period of puberty to legal adult hood. All of us experience this period of our live . There a many factors that affect in social changes it is characterized by hysterical environment, population changes, isolation and contact, attitudes and values and technological factors. Adolescents is period where we experience many problems or trials . We develop many skills and talent in this period . It is also the time of maturity. B.Statement of the problem This research was conducted to answer the following question. 1. Specific Problem What is adolescence? B. What are the different kind stage of development? . What are the ages of adolescence? What are the age of adolescence? 2. Major problem a) What are the social changes occur in the brains of adolescents today? C. Significance of the Study This study will benefit the following people. 1 . Student. 2. Parents. 3. Teacher. 4. They will know what are the problem will occur in their life. They will understand why some adolescence were depressed and sad.They will understand whither students sometimes are absent minded. Society. They can be aware to the adolescence and control or avoid the differen t problems. D. Methods and Sources of Data This research was conducted by finding and collecting information by following source. Library to the guide and help our research and give some information. Online Wisped , dictionary, books and module in the Internet. E. Scope Delimitation o f the Study This study focused on the opinion of the students regarding the effects of the different kind of problems. The researchers interviewed new and old students about the problems of adolescence.G. Definition of Terms 1 . Puberty. Is process of physical changes by which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction to enable fertilization. It is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads; the ovaries in a girl, the testes in a boy. In response to the signals, the gonads produce hormones that template libido and the growth, function, and transformation of the brain, bones, muscle, blood, skin, hair, breasts, and sexual organs. 2. Maturity. In psychology, maturity is the ability to respond to the environment in an appropriate manner.This response is generally learned rather than instinctive. Maturity also encompasses being aware of the correct time and place to behave and knowing when to act appropriately, according to the circumstances and the culture of the society one lives in. [l] Adult development and maturity theories include the purpose in life concept, in which maturity emphasizes a clear comprehension of life's repose, directness, and intentionality which, contributes to the feeling that life is meaningful. 3. Attitude. Is an expression of favor or disavow toward a person, place, thing, or event (the attitude object). . Isolation. Solitude, a state of seclusion or isolation, I. E. , lack of contact with people. 5. Adulthood. The period in the human lifespan in which full physical and intellectual maturity have been attained. Adulthood is commonly thought of as beginning at age 20 or 21 years. Middle age, commencing at about 40 years, is followed by old age at about 60 years. G. Conceptual Framework Adolescence A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, most importantly from the areas of psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology.Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles. It is a period of multiple transitions involving education, training, employment and unemployment, as well as transitions from one living circumstance to another. A. Definition Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human placement that generally occurs during the performed puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority). This is the process of developing from a child into an adult..Adolescence is a time of many transitions for both teens and their families. B. History Although the first u se of the word â€Å"adolescence† appeared in the 1 5th century and came from the Latin word â€Å"adolescence,† which meant â€Å"to grow up or to grow into maturity' (Learner & Steinberg, 2009, p. L), it wasn't until 1904 that the first president of the American Psychological Association, G. Stanley Hall, was credited with discovering adolescence (Henning, 2010, p. 4). In his study entitled â€Å"Adolescence,† he described this new developmental phase that came about due to social changes at the turn of the 20th century.Because of the influence of Child Labor Laws and universal education, youth had newfound time in their teenage years when the responsibilities of adulthood were not forced upon them as quickly as in the past. Hall did not have a very positive view of this phase, and he believed that society needed to â€Å"burn out the vestiges of evil in their nature† (G. Stanley Hall, 2010). Therefore, adolescence was a time of overcoming one's beast- like impulses as one was engulfed in a period of storm and stress† (Learner &lsraeloff, 2005, p. 4). He identified three key aspects of this phase: mood disruptions, conflict with parents, and risky behavior.Other work appearing in the late asses through the asses in Europe and America helped adolescence emerge as a field of study (important earlier work by Freud, Pigged, Moscow, and Goldberg also addressed stages of development). In BEEP, we were interested in how the work of Erik Erikson related to our work and how it articulated what we knew. Erikson (1959, up. 251-263) described the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. Erikson looked at life in eight stages. We felt that our age group of 13-23 year-olds actually struggled with the following three stages: Psychosocial Stage 4 – Industry vs..Inferiority, age 5-11. Main Question: Am I successful or not? Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments an d abilities. BEEP focus: Competence. Psychosocial Stage 5 – Identity vs.. Confusion, age 12-19. Main Question: Who am I and where am I going? During adolescence, children are exploring their independence and developing a sense of self. Identity formation can take a long time and can lead to an â€Å"Identity Crisis† BEEP focus: Identity. Psychosocial Stage 6 – Intimacy vs.. Isolation, age 20-35. Main Questions: Am I loved and wanted?Should I share my life with someone or live alone? This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships. BEEP focus: Connections. In the chapter â€Å"Developing the BEEP Framework† you will see how these areas of focus contribute directly to building our framework. In 1962, Peter Blobs published a book titled On Adolescence. BIOS, a German-born American child psychoanalyst, was known as Mr.. Adolescence as a result of his research into the problems of teens. His theories described t he conflicts men's have between wanting to break free of their parents and desiring to remain dependent.He popularized the notion that there were two individuation stages in human development. The first occurs when one is a toddler, and the second takes place when one is an adolescent and is finally able to shed family dependencies. Since maturity depends on achieving a degree of independence, it is during adolescence that the â€Å"self† develops. The goal is to be independent and to discover and celebrate one's unique attributes as one develops one's distinct potential. (http:// www. Miscalculation's. Org/services/BEEP_History. SP) C. Age Adolescence has a different age.The following are Early Adolescence and Late Adolescence. 1 . Early Adolescence extends roughly from 12/13 to 16/17 years. 2. Late adolescence covers the period from 17 years to 18/19 years, the age of legal maturity. D. Stages Adolescence has different stage of development. 1 . Rapid physical development. I t is a period of vital physical as well as physiological changes and developments. At this stage, all the external and internal body parts and organs achieve their full form and maturity. 2. Rapid mental development. During the early adolescence period, rapid mental placement occurs.These give rise to the need for later mental adjustments and the necessity for establishing new attitudes, values and interests. The adolescent is mentally alert at this stage. He not only develops not only his intellectual power but also his capacity to critical thinking. 3. Rapid social development. It is a period of social development and adjustment. In this stage, the child enters a new field of social responsibilities. The adolescents become socially conscious, self-assertive, and loyal towards their group, they develop co-operation and friendship and become responsible. . Stage of emotional development.Traditionally adolescence has been thought of as a period of heightened emotionality resulting fr om glandular and other changes. The heightening is characterized by high degree of instability. The adolescents also develop dependency and sometime independence. They also develop some special feelings like – pride, humility, curiosity, guilt, hero-worshipping etc. All these emotions must be properly guided and they should be provided knowledge to control their emotions at this stage. 5. Rapid sexual development. A number of internal and external changes take place n the sexual characteristics of the boys and the girls at the adolescence stage.At the later part of this stage they achieve sexual maturity. 6. Rapid moral development. It is also a period of moral development and changes in morality. Their moral outlook becomes progressively more abstract. Moral convictions become more concerned with What is right' and Justice emerge as a dominant moral force. Their moral Judgment becomes less egocentric at this stage. They develop an attitude towards the service to mankind. E. Kind Social changes can be classified as: 1 . Identity. When asked to describe themselves, very young children tend to mention heir possessions (â€Å"l have a red tricycle†) or their appearances (â€Å"l am tall†).By elementary school, children include social group membership (â€Å"l am a Boy Scout†), relationships (â€Å"l am Amelia's friend†), and some psychological traits (â€Å"l am nice†) in their definitions (Lively & Brimley, 1973). By adolescence, descriptions become more complex. Adolescents realize that who they are might change with different settings or relationships (â€Å"l am shy at school but outgoing with my friends†). They also can imagine who they might be (â€Å"l am going to become a better athlete by practicing harder†).Compared to children in middle childhood, adolescents view themselves in terms of what makes them different or unique from their peers, showing that they value their individuality. Adolescents a lso are capable of reflecting on and evaluating themselves, which leads them to believe that they should be able to make their own decisions and create their own set of values. These changes in thinking about the self are tied to the broader issue of developing an identity, which involves the integration of all the different aspects of the self. Adolescents form their identities by trying on different ideas, appearances, behaviors, ND relationships.Adults may sometimes be frustrated by an adolescent who wants to attend a service from a different religion, dress in a nontraditional way, or hang out with a different set of friends. Although adolescents still need adult guidance, this experimentation and exploration of different possibilities of the self are considered essential in forming a healthy identity. Once an identity is established, it can be used to guide the individual's future actions. 2. Autonomy. At one time it was believed that adolescents needed to denunciative from adu lts and to completely separate from adult values to be emotionally healthy.Now researchers realize that a more appropriate goal is for adolescents to become autonomous, gaining ownership over their thoughts and behaviors, but to remain emotionally connected to others (Ryan & Lynch, 1989). Still, adults and adolescents must negotiate the timing and extent of this independence. In his expectancy-violation-realignment model, Collins (1990) suggests that the handing over of authority from adults to adolescents is a gradual process. Both parents and adolescents carry expectancies about how the other should behave (e. G. , an expectation that the adolescent will adhere to a refer).Times of rapid change, such as adolescence, lead to violations of expectations (e. G. , curfew is broken), resulting in conflict. To maintain the relationship (and any hope of influencing the adolescent in the future), the parent and adolescent need to resolve their conflict and realign their behavior (e. G. , a dolescent resolves never to break curfew again) or, more commonly, their expectations (e. G. , a new rule is created, stating that the adolescent must phone for a curfew extension). In this way, the relationship is maintained, and more and more control is gradually languished to the adolescent.Much of the conflict surrounding issues of autonomy concerns rather mundane issues such as hairstyle, clothing, and curfew (Steinberg, 1990). In a study of autonomy, Gamesman (1988) asked adolescents in the 6th, 8th, and 10th grades and their parents to think about 24 hypothetical situations and to decide whether the adolescent or the parent should be in control of the issue. Some of these issues concerned friendship (e. G. , when to see friends, who your friends are), personal matters (e. G. , watching television, choosing clothes), and prudential matters (e. G. Mocking, eating Junk food, drinking), while others concerned moral issues (e. G. , taking someone else's money). Not surprisingly, p arents and adolescents each believed that thoughtful retain control of most of the issues, with adolescents tending to view the issues as a matter of personal choice. However, both parents and adolescents agreed that parents should retain Jurisdiction when the issue was a moral one. So although adolescent striving for autonomy creates conflict within the family, most adolescents retain the values of their family and wish to maintain those relationships (Collins, 1997).In fact, very few adolescents (about 3% of girls and 5%-9% of boys) reject their parents outright (Router, Graham, Chadwick, & Yule, 1976). Instead, parents remain important figures in adolescents' lives and are valued for the aid and advice they provide (Farman & Burmese, 1992). Adolescents' desire for autonomy extends beyond the reach of the family and into the classroom. 3. Peer Relations. In the second decade of life adolescents begin to spend more time with their friends than they do with their parents (Larson, et al. , 1996).Friendships are a source of mutual understanding, intimacy, and commitment. Although friendships can be positive forces in adolescents' lives, adults have expressed concern about the role of peer pressure in adolescent behavior. Research shows that conformity to peers peaks in early to indolence's and is greatly diminished by late adolescence (Burned, 1979). In all stages of adolescence, however, the identity of one's friends influences behaviors (Hart & Stevens, 1997). Adolescents who have delinquent friends are much more likely to participate in delinquent acts than are other adolescents.It seems that delinquent adolescents not only select each other as rinds but also â€Å"train† each other in how to behave delinquently; one of the best predictors of desisting antisocial behavior is parting with friends who also engage in this behavior (Disunion, Andrews, & Crosby, 1995). Alternatively, having a group of friends who value academics may lead an adolescent to im prove his or her academic performance. Dating and romantic relationships have only recently begun to receive attention as important peer relationships in adolescents' lives (Brown, Fearing, Farman, 1999; Collins, 2003).

Smith S Home Food

Solution for case: Smith’s Home Foods. Question One Smith’s Country Ham has been operating for 25 years in North Carolina in the wholesale food division, targeting restaurants and fast food chains. In order to increase turnover and therefore revenue, Smith’s decides to introduce a new product line: Smith’s Home Food. A product line containing 11 packages sold to households and including all kinds of foods: meat, vegetables, fruits etc. lasting for a period of 4 months. The prices of these packages range from $655 to $1532 ($1000 on average).These packages require a freezer and thus Smith provided the sale of freezers for customers that didn’t own any. Also, it is highly important to mention that Smith gave all its customers the possibility of financing all of its goods; packages and freezers. Through this new division, Smith is not only selling food and freezers; it is actually providing its customers with high convenience! Buyers no longer have to run to the market to get any kind of foods, as Smith includes everything in the packages.Also, since they will be buying in large quantities they will be benefiting from lower prices, and will escape any rise in market prices during this 4 months duration. Question Two As for problems for this strategy, I think Smith’s should reconsider its sources for advertising in order to acquire higher profile customers that are more eligible for its financing options. It should also extend its product mix to include other packages with different duration (more and less than 4 months). Question Three P=$1000 COGS= 48%= $480 Delivery Charge= $30 Commission Cost= $125AVC= CPGS + Delivery + Commission= 480+30+125= $635 UCM= 1000-635= $365 Break even: Revenue= Total Cost Revenue= 1000 x Q Total Cost= TFC + TVC= (57,000/3) + AVC x Q (we divide 57,000 by 3 to get fixed cost for 4 months) 1000xQ= 19,000 + 635 x Q 365Q=19000 Q= 19000/365 Q=52 To break even, Smith’s must sell 52 packages e ach 4 month. Executive Summary; Smith’s Country Hams, a 25-year-old family business that focuses on wholesale meat products such a ham, bocon, and other pork products, sell to restaurants and fast-food operations in eastern North Carolina.Smith’s family business has a service that provides home-delivered meats, vegetables, and fruits should be in considerable demand and providing new sales for its business. Smith’s Home Foods is going to be the way of the dogs. The current marketing environment would allude to this company has the potential to be market nicher and local geographic market leader with a high share of the market and high growth. Meanwhile, his business is getting an excessive minimal share and less than minimal growth. The company is supposed to bring a new vision for its marketing mix.Company should spend much performance in dynamic marketing communication strategy and an effective advertising budget to protect further loss of revenue. Purchasing food through a home food service saves consumers money. Because consumers buy in large quantities, they receive lower prices, and they escape any price increase that occur during the four month period covered by their food package. Making fewer trips to the store also helps customers avoid expensive impulse purchases. Current Marketing Situation;Smith Home foods has employed a product concept approach to business that would suggest that company believes consumers will favor products that offer the most quality, performance and that the company ought to engage its energy to making continuous improvements in the product. Smith Home Foods uses two important marketing techniques. a) Mass marketing techniques-mass producing, mass distributing, and mass promoting about the same product in about the same way to all consumers. b) Personal techniques by the Smith’s family business force the purpose of making sales and building customer relationship.The company location’s makes it the geographic market leader in the business with virtually no competition. The psychographics segmentation of target market would suggest that customers seeking this product a busy in their careers or social activities and interested in all types of time saving opportunities. Strengths, Weaknesses Threats and Opportunity Analyses; The company is the corporation’s question mark performer and has the potential of becoming a star performer given the limited competition in the market.The company has the advantage of the parent corporation’s 25-year-old positive reputation as a local family owned business known for the quality of their products. The strategy of the company’s in the market involving a poor marketing mix strategy, a poor integrated marketing communication strategic plan and service strategy with no experience. There is no evidence of feedback mechanism to insure customer satisfaction or to encourage company loyalty through sustained company-custome r relationships.Company has no local competition and the company has an opportunity to establish itself as the market leader nicher for the product that is offering. Threats to company are also numerous. Business can damage the reputation of the parent corp. The company has too much financial liability for contrasts that are not honored by customers. Objectives and Issues; The company does not have a sure mission and is engaged in the wrong type of marketing philosophy. The company need develop a mission. The company does not have a power evidence information system. This is virtually taking shots n the dark and hoping to hits something. The company has to create developing a research plan as soon as possible. In the light of target market, The Company has a poor knowledge. The company is supposed to engage in effective market targeting by selecting market segments and to insure a competitive advantage. Sales management is not well developed. The company should develop a system for recruiting, selecting, training, supervising and evaluating the sales team. Questions and Answers; 1-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Outline Smith’s Home Foods` marketing strategy. What is Smith’s Home Food really selling?The company’s cash cow product is pork that are produced and sold wholesale to restaurants and fast food operations throughout eastern North Carolina. The company has a small sales force that is engaged in apparently one time, face to face selling of product and services written agreements but limited activity regarding customer relationship building. The company engaged in product bundle pricing by including products form external sources to make their service more appealing and convenient the potential new market segment. The additional products include other brand-name food products as well as freezers in which to store the frozen goods. –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What problems, if any, do you see with each element of the strategy? Firs of all, The C ompany have not a power sure mission or any information that would suggest there was a formal setting of goals and objectives by the company. Second, there is no indication that any marketing research was conducted to either identify the need or the target segment of population. 3-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to diagram and the amount of package number, to buy 11 Food, 13 pounds per week, 4-5 minimum freezer size , 4-5 Family size is the price of 958.These amounts are more convenient that the others for the company foods packages. 4-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based your analysis, what steps would you recommend that Christy take improve her marketing strategy and Smith’s performance? First, Christy is supposed to re-evaluate the needs, wants and demands of those members with buying power in the company’s geographic area of service delivery. This contribute the company with more a factual evaluation of whether or not the product she is making has a true growth potential. The company should modify and develop and advertising strategy to using the right

Book Analysis: Jack Sprat’s Wife

Everyday she goes out to the market In order to buy meat, her husband's favorite food. She had read many books in order to know how to Improve her cooking for him. He ate all the beef and she ate the fat. Then, we learn that she exercises at the municipal pool and that she does not enjoy having sex with her husband because she is not comfortable with her body. Later on, surprisingly we discover that she had killed, packaged him and labeled his meat inside the freezer in order to eat him over. She starts vomiting in order to get thin, as it is socially expected.Soon after, we learn she had cooked some meals with him, and ate them because â€Å"she deserved It†. In the story she thinks she Is Invisible. ND one possible reason for her health situation could be that she eats in order to be visible. On her husband's birthday his mother-in-law goes to visit her. She tells her that her husband had gone on a trip and later on, The first concepts, subordination and subversion are shown in the main feminine character, through her food problem, it is, apparently due to her own vision of herself, an Incomplete human being, subordinated not only to her husband, but also to food.Her only around Is preparing food for her husband and she â€Å"tames time† by eating. The feminine character attempts to change her reality, to subvert things, cause she thinks her husband's meat was the key, as he ate all the healthy part of meat, she eating him over would get healthy, according to her , he is â€Å"the antidote to what ails me†. The other concepts, public and private spheres are shown through the idea that what we consume, conscious or unconsciously can heavily affect our private life.In the case of this story, there is a woman whose private life had been greatly affected by the media and the opinion of other people when someone is not skinny. The capitalism has a great Influence over these Issues, In order to gain an economic and the social effect it carries. It is socially established that being thin is to be beautiful. In the case of this female character, as she is fat, she is embarrassed of going out, she does not enjoy sex, and she thinks that her husband does not like her, despite the fact that he actually loves her and cares for her.Our minds are filled with the idea that if we consume such a product or we eat such a thing we are going to be beautiful and successful. This affects our feelings, thoughts and desires. It also changes the way we actually live. To sum up, I would like to add that we should analyze the publicity before we actually take for granted what they say to us.

Recreational Drug Use Negatively Affects Society Research Paper

Recreational Drug Use Negatively Affects Society - Research Paper Example From the report it is clear that recreational drugs include many kinds of drugs which can be legal or illegal. The use of recreational drugs in a society can cause several economic effects as people commonly start spending about one-fourth of their income in drugs, and utilize their savings, thus lowering their standards of living. In recent years, the overall economy of the American society has tremendously lowered as there is an increase in the usage of recreational drugs. The drugs industry is making high profits and it surely benefits their market as some drugs are highly expensive and once people are addicted to them, they buy them excessively to fulfill their needs. The more profits the drugs industry makes, the more risks of drugs smuggling, illegal selling and possession of drugs, and access use of controlled drugs will increase causing social, economic, and psychological problems. This paper highlights that people often start taking recreational drugs to divert their minds from their life problems or to gain some pleasure. Drugs are often successful in providing peace to the disturbed person and allowing him to forget all his worries for a while. This attracts people to use them more often, hence creating an addiction. Most people first get addicted to this feeling, then physically addicted, as it becomes a need for the body to calm down and feel good. Drug addicts are fifty percent more likely to commit crimes such as robbery and stealing, only for the purpose of buying more drugs.

Information securtiy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Information securtiy - Essay Example Some lines have dedicated to explain the ISO/IEC 17799:2005 standard of information security policy. The second part of the report deals with a field-specific discussion. In this part, information security in the field of computers and internet has been explained. Threats posed to the sensitive information stored on computers have been discussed along with procedures for their determent. Some laws and Acts have been explained that ensure the information security in the new technological world. Information security is generally defined as the protection of information from a wide variety of threats, such as, getting accessed by unauthorized persons, disclosed, sold or destroyed, without the consent of the owner of the information. Thus, the primary objectives of information security are to ensure the privacy, reliability and accessibility of information. Information security is becoming one of the most important concerns in almost every profession and every field of life. Information security is a business issue, not just a technology issue (Symantec Corporation 2009). Sensitive information about the consumers and employees, finances, inventories, payments, research work, is being maintained by governments, organizations, companies, banks, armed forces, healthcare sectors, so on and so forth. This corporate information is the most crucial asset of a company and is at stake if proper measures are not taken to deter the security attacks. The information may have been stored in any form. For example, it may be in printed form; stored in files and documents; saved on the computers’ hard disks; shown on video tapes; and, transmitted by post, email or any other physical or electronic means. Breaches in information security can result in great losses and damages to the overall business and may lead to business discontinuity, high ri sks and low output. Most of

Do we have less face-to-face interaction because of social networks Research Paper

Do we have less face-to-face interaction because of social networks - Research Paper Example These have made it easy for people to communicate with anyone irrespective of their geographical location. Social networks have brought innovative ideas. Currently, social games have taken away the free time that people used to have and share with friends. People especially the young generation are spending much of their time playing games and chatting with friends. Although a certain school of thought argues that this reduces boredom, the role that family members and friends played cannot be replaced by social network. Statistics indicates that the number of stress-related diseases has increased tremendously especially among the young people. This is because they no longer share their feeling which cannot only be done through face-to-face interactions. On the other hand, the number of people suffering from obesity and other diseases related to less physical activities has increased. This is because people no longer walk or jog. Instead, they spend much of the time interacting throug h the social network. A quantitative method was used in order to collect information concerning the topic of study. This was crucial in coming up with an in-depth conclusion on whether the social network has played a significant role in reducing face-face interactions. A sampling method was used to determine the number of people who use social networks to chat with friends and family members. The samples were selected randomly in order to avoid any cases of biasness. This was significant in ensuring that the information obtained was reliable and up-to-date Qualitative research was also conducted. The nature of the problem could not be understood through exploratory research only. The use of sampling ensured a reduced survey bias through the use of focus groups. It also ensured that the ideas from a broad spectrum have been used before making the final findings and conclusion. The wide amount of views was important in ensuring that questionnaire constructed was

Potential Liability on Cross-site Scripting Essay

Potential Liability on Cross-site Scripting - Essay Example These high level management personalities of diverse disciplines, howsoever trustworthy, cannot digress from their own responsibilities to justifiably oversee such crucial and important functional branch as online security. The insurance industry has solid customer base and vast financial inputs. Online security must be exclusively handled by security experts just like operations, program development and network operations are handled by experts in these fields. Otherwise the industry could become an easy target of ceaseless and relentless attacks of malevolent hackers spread all over the globe. The managers of the three disciplines meet only twice annually as the security management committee to co-ordinate security developments and plans. This step-motherly treatment to security could prove to be counterproductive and expensive in the long run. Other potential liabilities the company needs to address are risks arising from high volume of online interactions and transactions with clients. When clients forget their username and/or password, they are required to answer a challenge question to retrieve the information by email. If anyone can forget username and/or password there is no guarantee they are likely to remember challenge questions and answers. Ideally, the company must provide clients with passwords. (Case Information) Recommendation on the immediate handling of the XSS threat to LIB The first and foremost action recommended is employ full time security consultant and fix responsibilities inclusive of the XSS threat to LIB. The immediate next step is to make clients aware of the XSS risk and educate them on the course of action they need to bear in mind and act upon whenever browsing LIB website. The operations manager, program development manager and network operations manager must continue to maintain vigilance in security matters and report unusual occurrences to the security department/consultant. These three management entities must coordinate with security on daily or at least on weekly basis. (The Cross Site Scripting (XSS) FAQ) Recommendations on improvement in the management of security at LIB Having a separate entity to handle online security issues at LIB is the ideal decision and the first step to address risks to the overall business. The company can further improve its online security concerns by maintaining high alert on offline areas as well. A systematic reward scheme must be put in place for those providing information and alerts on unusual online movements. The company must also have its own discreet methods to test its security system by using tactics such as sting operations periodically in top secrecy. The company must also keep itself abreast on hackers' modus operandi and the susceptibilities and vulnerabilities of the online insurance industry. As a standard measure, every company using online business systems and network will ostensibly possess security technologies applicable to its sphere of operation and guard the interests of its clients and its own by routing online communications by encrypting, scrambling and decoding

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Hair as Vital Evidence - Research Paper Example Other types of trace evidence are as follows: glass fragments, food stains, feathers, metal filings, lubricants, building materials, pollens and spores, fingernail scrapings, cosmetics, gunshot residue, plastic fragments, chemicals, saw dust and paper fibers, plant and vegetable fibers, asphalt or tar, dust and other airborne particles, blood and other body fluids, vegetable oils and fats, textile fibers, insulation, soot, explosive residues, and soils and mineral grains among others. Nevertheless, forensic experts regularly meet relatively a few of them. These include: hair, paint, fibers, glass, flammable liquids, and fingerprints. Hair has the potential of associating an individual with a crime or giving a clue to what transpired (Byrd, 2012). For instance, in a crime involving persons the paint of car can chip off and stick on the victim, an indication of a hit and run. Simultaneously or alternatively, the hair of the victim discovered in the suspect’s car trunk indicating what happened during the time of the crime. This paper examines how hair becomes a vital piece of evidence in nearly any crime. Next the nature of hair as evidence, the techniques of collection, and its value will also be pursued. Finally, its effectiveness in pointing to a suspect and appropriateness in identifying the suspect as perpetrator will be analyzed. A French scientist, believed to be amongst the early pioneers in the field forensic science, Edward Locard, believed strongly that persons could not enter a place and leaves the scene without taking dust particles with them. This was later referred to as the ‘Locard’s exchange principle’ (Byrd, 2012). According to the principle, when two objects touch or collide with each other, particles of each of them will be left with the other. The basis of trace evidence’s forensic study emanates from this principle. Forensic investigation involves the

Small Business Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Small Business Management - Assignment Example Keeping the objective in mind the study looks to analyze the cafe and restaurant market of Sydney, Australia. In order to conduct the feasibility study, methodical analysis of the market condition is required. Market conditions tend to have significant effect on the viability of a business. While conducting market analysis certain strategic tools are required. Keeping the objective in mind PEST analysis of Australia has been conducted. Special emphasis has been to the city of Sydney while conducting a PEST analysis. A part from this the 4 P’s of marketing has also been used to provide a future action plan. The in-depth analysis has been punctuated with a brief market audit of the Australian Restaurant and cafe market to analyze the present and future market scenario as well as growth opportunities.However the preference of gourmet coffee among of the coffee has been quite evidently visible. This is largely due to the fact that the Aussies view quality coffee like a luxury prod uct at an affordable price. If numbers are to be believed more than one billion cups of coffee have been sold in Australia. The percentage of out of home consumption of coffee has seen a steady rise. According to analysts as the economic conditions are set for improvements, steady growth of the cafe and restaurant business is expected over the course of next five years and so. Such growth is applicable as there is likely to be presence of both international players as well as other franchises. This discussion outlines that competitive Landscape The cafe and restaurant industry of Australia can be tagged as highly competitive. The main reasons can be presumed as very low barriers to entry. Add to that the industry is believed to be highly fragmented. According to reports the major players hold less than ten percent of the total market share. The small players enjoy a fair share of success as the 91% of the food chain businesses have less than fifty employees. There exists strong pres ence of franchisee model or any equivalent business strategy. Companies like McCafe, Coffee club, Hudsons Coffee, out back Jacks, etc. have set up strong and successful franchisee models in Australia. The companies mainly compete on the merit of quality, price and customer service. Growth Opportunities The key to the success in Aussie restaurant and Cafe business is to understand the customers and providing the customers something unique.  

Sandvik Saws and Tools Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sandvik Saws and Tools Industry - Essay Example The essay is about the case of Sandvik saws and tools industry. Sandvik saws and tools I is a saws and other hand tools industry with a global presence. With its Headquarters in Stockholm, Sweden, the organization is known for its technical competence and maintenance of quality. The organization sells its products in more than 60 countries globally and has a strong presence in Europe. With its own centralized supply and distribution mechanism the organization is able to manage the supply of its products. However the management decided to upgrade the quality of the products by using a particular strategy called as ERGO strategy. The organization has spent a considerable amount of money for supply of technically advanced tools into the market. With this ERGO strategy the management hoped to gain a substantial share in the U.S market, which is not to be. The essay probes deeper into the problems or hindrances for the organization which are acting as limitations and suggests strategies for improvement of the same. The essay is about the case of Sandvik saws and tools industry. Sandvik saws and tools I is a saws and other hand tools industry with a global presence. ... 10. Brand value 11. Supply chain mechanism. 12. References Introduction to the case: The essay is about the case of Sandvik saws and tools industry. Sandvik saws and tools I is a saws and other hand tools industry with a global presence. With its Headquarters in Stockholm, Sweden, the organization is known for its technical competence and maintenance of quality. The organization sells its products in more than 60 countries globally and has a strong presence in Europe. With its own centralized supply and distribution mechanism the organization is able to manage the supply of its products. The industry into which Sandvik can be termed as a fragmented industry in which there is plenty of scope for new entrants to come in because of low entry barriers such as technology, or laws regulating its entry. Sandvik Saws and Tools chose ERGO or improvising ergonomics of the tools as a strategy for better positioning of its products in Europe and U.S. The task of implementing the strategy was given another Swedish based organization called as EDG, Ergonomi Design Gruppen, specialists in hand made tools design. According to Sandvik management the ERGO strategy should place the product streets ahead in the competition. However it is not to be. Despite very strong in technology and quality of products Sandvik was unable to maintain a substantial gain in market share in U.S. The essay tries to portray the various reasons for this lack luster performance of the organization and suggests suitable strategies to be applied in the subject area. Parameters chosen for analysis of the case: The various parameters I have chosen for analysis of the case are those which are relevant to any fragmented industry and also a maturing industry. They are such as 1.

Othello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 11

Othello - Essay Example The first impressions of these characters are, on the one hand, Othello is good, but he is susceptible to manipulation because of his naivetà ©, whereas Iago, on the other hand, is in control as the evil mastermind of Othello’s doom. Othello is a good man because he is honorable and has, to some extent, the respect of his wife, troops and masters. He is a respectable, honorable man. He does not have an illicit affair with Desdemona, and instead, he marries her and makes her his legal wife. The way he looks at her shows his great devotion to her in the movie. He looks at her as if the world is Desdemona and she is his happiness and life. In addition, even when some people judge Othello because he is black, he remains noble in actions and words. For example, he respects Desdemona’s father, even when he calls him something that she fears â€Å"to look on† (Parker, Othello) as if he is some beast. Instead of ridiculing Senator Brabantio who has openly condemned him in public as someone who used â€Å"witchcraft† to charm his daughter, Othello stays respectful and tells the Duke and the rest of the people that the Senator â€Å"loved† him and his stories (Parker, Othello). In other words, he sees Brabantio as his own father. Furthermore, other people respect Othello, including his troops and masters. Cassio is faithful to Othello until the end. As an illustration of his devotion to his general, Cassio is heartbroken when he thinks he has failed Othello because of what he did when he was drunk. Cassio wants to serve and please Othello because he respects him as a general. Other troops and Venetian people also show respect to Othello by following his orders. For instance, when he breaks the brawl between Cassio and others, no one questions him. These people respect his authority, most probably because he is a noble person to follow. Even the Duke values Othello for his contributions to the Venetian army. The Duke tells Brabantio: â€Å"†¦your

Disease Profile Copd Essay Example for Free

Disease Profile Copd Essay Pipe, cigar, and other types of tobacco smoke also can cause COPD, especially if the smoke is inhaled. Breathing in secondhand smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes or dust from the environment or workplace also can contribute to COPD. (Secondhand smoke is smoke in the air from other people smoking. ) In rare cases, a genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency may play a role in causing COPD. People who have this condition have low levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT)—a protein made in the liver. Having a low level of the AAT protein can lead to lung damage and COPD if youre exposed to smoke or other lung irritants. If you have this condition and smoke, COPD can worsen very quickly. Signs and symptoms: The signs and symptoms of COPD include: * An ongoing cough or a cough that produces large amounts of mucus (often called smokers cough) * Shortness of breath, especially with physical activity * Wheezing (a whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe) * Chest tightness These symptoms often occur years before the flow of air into and out of the lungs declines. However, not everyone who has these symptoms has COPD. Likewise, not everyone who has COPD has these symptoms. Some of the symptoms of COPD are similar to the symptoms of other diseases and conditions. You can find out whether you have COPD. If you have COPD, you may have colds or the flu (influenza) frequently. If your COPD is severe, you may have swelling in your ankles, feet, or legs; a bluish color on your lips due to a low blood oxygen level; and shortness of breath. COPD symptoms usually slowly worsen over time. At first, if symptoms are mild, you may not notice them, or you may adjust your lifestyle to make breathing easier. For example, you may take the elevator instead of the stairs. Over time, symptoms may become severe enough to see a doctor. For example, you may get short of breath during physical exertion. How severe your symptoms are depends on how much lung damage you have. If you keep smoking, the damage will occur faster than if you stop smoking. In severe COPD, you may have other symptoms, such as weight loss and lower muscle endurance. Some severe symptoms may require treatment in a hospital. You—with the help of family members or friends, if youre unable—should seek emergency care if: * Youre having a hard time catching your breath or talking. * Your lips or fingernails turn blue or gray. This is a sign of a low oxygen level in your blood. ) * Youre not mentally alert. * Your heartbeat is very fast. * The recommended treatment for symptoms that are getting worse isnt working. Diagnostic Procedures: Your doctor will diagnose COPD based on your signs and symptoms, your family and medical histories, and test results. He or she may ask whethe r you smoke or have had contact with lung irritants, such as secondhand smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes, or dust. If you have an ongoing cough, your doctor may ask how long youve had it, how much you cough, and how much mucus comes up when you cough. He or she also may ask whether you have a family history of COPD. Your doctor will examine you and use a stethoscope to listen for wheezing or other abnormal chest sounds. You also may need one or more tests to diagnose COPD. Lung Function Test: Lung function tests measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your lungs deliver oxygen to your blood. The main test for COPD is spirometry. Other lung function tests, such as a lung diffusion capacity test, also may be used. Spirometry; During this painless test, a technician will ask you to take a deep breath in. Then, youll blow as hard as you can into a tube connected to a small machine. The machine is called a spirometer. The machine measures how much air you breathe out. It also measures how fast you can blow air out. Your doctor may have you inhale medicine that helps open your airways and then blow into the tube again. He or she can then compare your test results before and after taking the medicine. Spirometry can detect COPD long before its symptoms appear. Doctors also may use the results from this test to find out how severe your COPD is and to help set your treatment goals. The test results also may help find out whether another condition, such as asthma or heart failure, is causing your symptoms. Other Tests Your doctor may recommend other tests, such as: * A chest x ray or chest CT scan. These tests create pictures of the structures inside your chest, such as your heart, lungs, and blood vessels. The pictures can show signs of COPD. They also may show whether another condition, such as heart failure, is causing your symptoms. * An arterial blood gas test. This blood test measures the oxygen level in your blood using a sample of blood taken from an artery. The test can help find out how severe your COPD is and whether you may need oxygen therapy. Treatment – Medical/Nursing: COPD has no cure yet. However, treatments and lifestyle changes can help you feel better, stay more active, and slow the progress of the disease. Quitting smoking is the most important step you can take to treat COPD. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Other treatments for COPD may include medicines, vaccines, pulmonary rehabilitation (rehab), oxygen therapy, and surgery. Your doctor also may recommend tips for managing COPD complications. The goals of COPD treatment include: * Relieving your symptoms * Slowing the progress of the disease * Improving your exercise tolerance (your ability to stay active) * Preventing and treating complications * Improving your overall health Specialists Involved To assist with your treatment, your family doctor may advise you to see a pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in treating people who have lung disorders. Medicines Bronchodilators Bronchodilators relax the muscles around your airways. This helps open your airways and makes breathing easier. Depending on how severe your disease is, your doctor may prescribe short-acting or long-acting bronchodilators. Short-acting bronchodilators last about 4 to 6 hours and should be used only when needed. Long-acting bronchodilators last about 12 hours or more and are used every day. Most bronchodilators are taken using a device called an inhaler. This device allows the medicine to go right to your lungs. Not all inhalers are used the same way. Ask your health care team to show you the correct way to use your inhaler. If your COPD is mild, your doctor may only prescribe a short-acting inhaled bronchodilator. In this case, you may only use the medicine when symptoms occur. If your COPD is moderate or severe, your doctor may prescribe regular treatment with short- and long-acting bronchodilators. Inhaled Glucocorticosteroids (Steroids) Inhaled steroids are used to treat people whose COPD symptoms flare up or worsen. These medicines may reduce airway inflammation. Your doctor may ask you to try inhaled steroids for a trial period of 6 weeks to 3 months to see whether the medicine helps relieve your breathing problems. Vaccines Flu Shots The flu (influenza) can cause serious problems for people who have COPD. Flu shots can reduce your risk of the flu. Talk with your doctor about getting a yearly flu shot. Pneumococcal Vaccine This vaccine lowers your risk of pneumococcal pneumonia (nu-MO-ne-ah) and its complications. People who have COPD are at higher risk of pneumonia than people who dont have COPD. Talk with your doctor about whether you should get this vaccine. Pulmonary Rehabilitation Pulmonary rehabilitation, or rehab, is a medically supervised program that helps improve the health and well-being of people who have lung problems. Rehab may include an exercise program, disease management training, and nutritional and psychological counseling. The programs goal is to help you stay more active and carry out your daily activities. Your rehab team may include doctors, nurses, physical therapists, respiratory therapists, exercise specialists, and dietitians. These health professionals work together and with you to create a program that meets your needs. Oxygen Therapy If you have severe COPD and low levels of oxygen in your blood, oxygen therapy can help you breathe better. For this treatment, youre given oxygen through nasal prongs or a mask. You may need extra oxygen all the time or just sometimes. For some people who have severe COPD, using extra oxygen for most of the day can help them: * Do tasks or activities, while having fewer symptoms * Protect their hearts and other organs from damage * Sleep more during the night and improve alertness during the day * Live longer Prognosis: COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a disease of the lungs that develops over many years and gradually gets worse with time. When you have COPD your airways become persistently blocked, which can eventually make breathing difficult. More than 12 million Americans have been diagnosed with it, and another 12 million might have COPD without knowing it. COPD encompasses two diseases commonly caused by smoking: emphysema and chronic bronchitis. It’s the fourth leading cause of death in the U. S. But while COPD cant be cured, there are steps you can take to improve symptoms, prevent complications such as pneumonia, and improve your quality of life. Just like people living with heart disease, people with COPD can make changes to their lifestyle to vastly improve how they feel and function each day. Here are five important measures to discuss with your doctor:Â   1. Stop Smoking Cigarette smoking is the most significant reason that people develop COPD. While kicking the habit wont return your lungs to normal condition, it will delay progression of symptoms because the rate of decline of lung function returns to that of nonsmokers. In susceptible people, smoking accelerates the lung function decline of aging. Your lungs will age faster, and if you stop smoking, you go back to normal aging, says Gail Weinmann, MD, deputy director for the Division of Lung Diseases at the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Its also a good idea to avoid crowds during flu season. Because COPD leaves a person more prone to pneumonia, patients also should talk to their doctors about also getting the pneumococcal vaccine, Weinmann says. 4. Seek Regular Medical Care and Take Medications as Directed Your doctor can prescribe drugs, such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids, to treat your symptoms. Bronchodilators, which are usually delivered through an inhaler, relax muscles around your airways. This, in turn, opens them up and eases breathing. Inhaled corticosteroids fight inflammation in the airways. Patients with COPD frequently have other health problems, too, such as heart disease, vascular diseases, gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), and type 2 diabetes, Weinmann says. People with COPD are likely to have other diseases, and its important that they treat all of their diseases. In fact, heart disease and COPD share overlapping symptoms, which can lead people to mistakenly attribute heart disease to lung disease. According to Weinmann, these shared symptoms include shortness of breath, including breathlessness when exercising or waking up at night, and sometimes a sensation of chest tightness. 5. Consider a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program and Learn to Exercise Your doctor may suggest a pulmonary rehabilitation program. Such programs wont actually improve lung function, but they can help people with COPD to stay more active and independent. Youll learn exercises to strengthen your arms and legs, as well as exercises that aim to strengthen muscles for breathing. Pulmonary rehab includes a variety of exercises for the lower and upper extremities, as well as breathing techniques and counseling, Weinmann says. Some patients feel reluctant to join a pulmonary rehab program, but Weinmann encourages them to try it. Once the lung is damaged, it doesnt really ever repair itself, so its very important that individuals stay in good shape in every way that they can. Its very common for patients with COPD to become deconditioned. Its hard for them to breathe, so the tendency is to not do anything at all. Reconditioning their muscles and their heart can make them feel a lot better. Some p atients feel that they have greatly benefited from it [rehab], she adds. It has improved their quality of life and their exercise ability. You have to keep at it. Its not something that you can do once.

The Democratic Peace Theory

The Democratic Peace Theory The primary claim of democratic peace proponents is that democratic states do not wage war against each other[1]. This theory is based on the findings of Immanuel Kant in the late 18th century. In his findings Kant argues that the natural evolution of world politics and economics would drive mankind inexorably toward peace by means of a widening of the pacific union of liberal republican states.[2] According to Kants theory liberal republics insure that the state interests are transferred from single monarch to the society thus making wars less probable. This assumption can be explained by a notion that in democratic societies the decision of waging wars is transferred from a monarch to the average citizen who bears the costs of war. Furthermore, the interdependence between national interests and citizens self-interests establishes a tendency of placing ultimate authority in the hands of the average voter[3] thus reducing the chance for well-institutionalized democracies to fight war s against each other. Michael Doyle in his publication Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs adds another principle of pacification to Kants list of three definitive articles of liberal constitutions. According to Doyle: The regular rotation of office in liberal democratic polities is a nontrivial device that helps ensure that personal animosities among heads of government provide no lasting, escalating source of tension[4]. The inner state check and balance system does not exclude the probability of war between states, but instead it explains that liberal wars are only fought for popular, liberal purposes[5]. Accordingly, most common argument of democratic peace theory is the constitutional and legal restraints on executive action. In other words placing constraints on the ability of leaders to fight other democracies are the foundations of peace in democratic states. The democratic peace theory also suggests that Democracy tends to foster economic interdependence, which reduces the likelihood of war. Firstly, it is more likely for countries who share the same values, to have close economic ties with each other. The economic interdependence significantly reduces the probability of confrontation between states. The preponderance of systematic evidence for at least the post-World War II era, however, suggests that mutual economic interdependence, measured as the share of dyadic trade to GNP in the country where that trade is proportionately smaller, is strongly associated with peaceful relations in subsequent years.[6] In other words, economic interdependence helps create transnational ties that promote peace rather than conflict. Furthermore, states have a mutual benefit from the economic relations and conflict with each other is going to harm their economy. Thus, the potential loss of trade and its negative impact on countries critical imports or exports decreases the willingness of both sides to fight. Based on historical evidence, despite the liberal claim that democracies have never gone to war with each other, there have been more conflicts than instances of cooperation situation which provides a fertile ground for realism to flourish. Up until the end of the Cold War realism was the dominant theory of international relations as it explained most of the political events. However, after the end of the Cold War started crisis of realism due to the circumstances that it failed to predict or predicted wrongly several events, especially the unification of Germany (October 1990), dissolution of Warsaw Pact (July 1991) and the end of Cold War (dissolution of USSR December 1991). None of this events resolved in a hegemonic war as many realist predicted. It seems as if other theory such as democratic peace theory is better at explaining the events after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The democratic peace theory gives a logical explanation of the events which lead to peaceful disso lution of Soviet Union and end of the Cold War. Any understanding of the change in the Soviet Unions international behavior, before its political fragmentation, and in time reciprocated by the West, demands attention to the three legs on which the liberal vision of Immanuel Kants Perpetual Peace Stands. This stands are: 1. Development of Liberalization and democratization process in Soviet Union; 2. Desire to enter western markets rise of economical interdependence; and 3. influence of the International organizations. As Emmanuel Kant has predicted in his findings the natural evolution of world politics and economics would drive mankind inexorably toward peace by means of a widening of the pacific union of liberal republican states.[7] Democracy, economic interdependence and international organizations constitute the basis of the 21st century international relations. [1] Edward D.Mansfield and Jack Snyder, Democratization and the Danger of War, P8 [2] Michael W. Doyle, Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs, Part 2, p349 [3] Edward D.Mansfield and Jack Snyder, Democratization and the Danger of War, P21 [4] Michael W. Doyle, Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs, p.230 [5] Ibid. [6] Bruce Russet, a neo-Kantian perspective: democracy, interdependence, and international organizations in building security communities, Security Communities, Cambridge University Press, P.374 [7] Michael W. Doyle, Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs, Part 2, p349

Evolution Of Substance Abuse In Mauritius Criminology Essay

Evolution Of Substance Abuse In Mauritius Criminology Essay Substance abuse is a multi-facetted problem that plagues a whole society, irrespective of different age categories and social classes. The consequences and the amount of harm caused to the individual, the family and society are diverse. Mauritius, while being a small island of approximately 1.2 million  [1]  inhabitants only, far away from the leading powers of the global economy, and niched at the heart of the Indian Ocean has not been spared from this issue. According to the National Drug Control Masterplan 2004-2009  [2]  , the age of initiation to substance abuse in Mauritius starts from as early as 11 years because of peer or media influence. The rationale of substance abuse is however not this simple. Sometimes, some people give in to the instinctive human behaviour which is trying to find the easiest escape from harsh realities and nuisances of daily life, and resort to substance abuse. Evolution of substance abuse in Mauritius Substance abuse may have become an alarming phenomenon of late, but drugs have been present in Mauritius for a far longer time. The use of drugs has been recorded to have started with as early as during the French colonisation  [3]  with illicit rum production by slaves. With the arrival of indentured labourers, Indians brought along with their culture and traditions, cannabis, while Chinese immigrants brought opium  [4]  . These drugs were mostly utilised in a socio-cultural circumstance, by adults without being a cause for serious concern. Mid-sixties brought with it the Hippie Culture  [5]  to Mauritian shores as well as new forms of drugs such as LSD  [6]  , Mandrax  [7]  and other hallucinogens which became synonymous to new highs to youngsters. The seventies caused an altogether different trend of substance abuse, as the situation changed drastically from its socio-cultural to a more significantly worrying use. A rudimentary form of heroin  [8]  known as Brown Sugar was introduced in Mauritius. Brown Sugar was smuggled through the airport, harbour and through postal packets. The Amsterdam Affair  [9]  that broke out in 1985 was the quintessence of the scope of the drugs problem in Mauritius. As an attempt to display its willingness to leave no stone unturned in the combat against drug trafficking, legislation was amended  [10]  and death penalty was introduced for proved traffickers. No drug trafficker have however been executed because of the thorny legal issues surrounding capital punishment. A sudden downward trend was observed in 1987 and continued until 1990 after which indicators revealed a slight increase in illicit trafficking and consumption  [11]  . In 2003, the White Lady  [12]   was a psychotropic drug opted by most drug users. Post 2005, Subutex  [13]  , which is normally used as treatment on those dependent on narcotic pain killers, and opiates, soon became the most sought-after drug in Mauritius.    Substance Abuse and Repercussions Social Consequences Significant social consequences include the disintegration of the family unit, with the emotional and psychological well-being of family members being upset. Substance abuse and delinquency go hand in hand; as sometimes dependency and withdrawal syndromes overcome reason and push addicts towards theft, violence and similar such acts to procure the financial means to obtain their required dosage. The 2009 World Drug Report  [14]  shows that number of drug-related crimes has increased by 18% from 2006 to 2007. Health Consequences Substance abuse affects the personal health of drugs addicts themselves. Withdrawal and apathy are a few of the psychological dysfunctions they might face. The impact of addiction can be far reaching. Cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, and lung disease can all be caused by drug abuse  [15]  . Because of needle sharing behaviour  [16]  , a well-established norm among IDUs as has been shown by the IDUs Respondent Driven Sampling  [17]  , which is explained by the increased costs and low financial means of IDUs as well as Police Services continuous stalking of IDUs in possession of drug paraphernalia, blood borne diseases such as AIDS or Hepatitis  [18]  are easily transmitted, repercussions of which is catastrophic both for the IDU and society at large. IDUs who get affected by such blood borne diseases will often through a domino effect, affect their sexual partners, while pregnant women who are IDUs run the risk of contaminating their unborn children with such. Injecting drug use is the cause for an increasing proportion of HIV infections in many parts of the world, Mauritius included. It is estimated that between 11 and 21 million people worldwide inject drugs, and of those, between 0.8 and 6.6 million are infected with HIV  [19]  . Financial Impacts Health services that have to be provided to drug addicts include treatment of diseases which may develop in drug addicts as a consequence of substance abuse, as well as costs of rehabilitation services, which is often overlooked by most persons. The cost of non-generic antiretroviral treatment per person per annum may amount up to $ 1500  [20]  , averaging to about Rs 50, 000 based on current exchange rates. Financial consequences on the economy are grave, with the parallel running of a black economy with profits obtained from the illicit traffic, as well as with the effects of drugs abuse of members of the workforce which reduces productivity. Conventional Approaches to Substance abuse Mauritius has ratified the United Nations Drug Control Conventions  [21]  . It has also ratified the 2000 Convention on Trans-National Organized Crime  [22]  and is also signatory of both the African Union  [23]  and the SADC Drug Control Protocol. Existing legal frameworks that were used, and still are used to control drugs supply and demand reduction are: The Dangerous Drug Act 2000  [24]   The Pharmacy Act 1983  [25]   The Financial Intelligence and Anti Money Laundering Act 2002  [26]   Drugs Demand Reduction Drugs demand reduction is one of the approach used to combat the substance abuse crisis at its core. Drug demand reduction refers to policies and programmes directed towards reducing the consumer demand for narcotic drug and psychotropic substances as covered by the three main International Drug Control Conventions, as mentioned above. The National Agency for Treatment and Rehabilitation of Substance Abusers (NATReSA) is a parastatal body under the aegis of the Ministry of Social Security, National Solidarity and Reform Institutions which was set up by an Act of Parliament in 1996  [27]  and it is responsible for all demand reduction activities in the country. By conducting a number of prevention activities in the community, schools and the workplace, NATReSA uses education as its main vehicular weapon to try to diminish the demand for drugs. It provides funding to a number of NGOs engaged in prevention, treatment and rehabilitation work. The National Prevention Unit set up by th e NATReSa in 2002 has set up a Demand Reduction Integrated Program, from which more than 25 regions have already benefitted till date. Supply Side Reduction As to supply side reduction, the law enforcement side is actively involved and a number of institutions operating under the aegis of different ministries are responsible for drug control activities. The Anti Drug Smuggling Unit (ADSU)  [28]  , the National Coast Guard and the Special Mobile Force are special units of the Mauritius Police Force, working under the command of the Commissioner of Police involved in drug control. The Passport and Immigration Office also operates under the supervision of the Commissioner of Police and has a role in the screening of passengers at the seaport and airport while Custom Investigation and Intelligence Unit plays a noteworthy role in the checking of containers and other luggage entering the country. The Pharmacy Section of the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life is responsible for the issuing of licenses for the import of licit narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. Finally, Mauritius Post Services work in close cooperation with the above units to exercise close control to guarantee that drugs do not enter the country through letters and postal packages and the Forest Department aids through its field work in forests, mountains and state lands, and is instrumental in detecting cannabis cultivation. According to the 2010 World Drug Report  [29]  , Mauritius is the country with the highest opiates consumption prevalence in the African continent with an estimate of 1.9 %. This demonstrates clearly that conventional approaches to the Mauritian drug problem have not met expectations in terms of efficiency in tackling it. Instead, new factors borne due to a rapidly changing society contributed to the rendering them inefficient opening up of airspaces which while increasing benefits from the tourism and travel industry has also increased the risks of drugs being brought into the country by foreigners, expansion of the offshore sector through which large sums of money transits through Mauritius, sources of which remain confidential to the offshore companies and the open secret being that sometimes, part of these monies go into the black economy, financing drug transactions and poverty and prostitution which are key contributory factors as well to the expansion of the Mauritian dru g market among others. The escalation of drug use became a cause for worry as the main vehicle for substance abuse being through injection, this implied a heightened risk of transmission of blood borne diseases  [30]  among the IDU population and hence a greater number of HIV positive and hepatitis cases amongst others. An altogether new approach was hence adopted to counter this eventuality, known as the harm reduction approach. The harm reduction which consists of needle exchange programs as well as methadone substitution therapy implied a completely different perspective, the core principle being admitting the existence of a substance abuse issue in a community, which often is stubbornly resisted by authorities, hence displaying the huge difficulty in the implementation of this method. Over the years, numerous observations have been made by journalists and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) representatives on the structural changes of the drug situation in Mauritius, the worrying dimensions of the issue of substance abuse and its relations with transmission of blood borne diseases. Harm reduction however, being a relatively new concept in Mauritius dating only back to 2006, remains a rather unexplored path. Hence, the purpose of this dissertation would be to bring focus on Needle Exchange Programs (NEPs) as they are carried out in the Mauritian context. While running through a general overview of the harm reduction approach, the rationale behind it will be examined along with implementation timeline of NEP in Mauritius. Policy aspects will be reviewed and an analysis of the legal backdrop of NEPs in Mauritius will be presented, which will consist of a study salient features of the existing laws and NEPs and eventually the NEP specific framework which is the HIV/AIDS Act 06. NEP in prisons, being a delicate and debatable issue, will be considered and the prospect of such in Mauritian prisons discussed. The dissertation will be concluded by evaluating the Mauritian NEP, and proposing recommendations of possible ways to gear more towards efficiency and best practice with regards to Mauritian laws and needle exchange. Preliminary Chapter: Understanding Harm Reduction The Basic Concept Harm reduction refers to policies, programmes and practices utilised and applied with the objective of diminishing risks associated with the use of drugs by substance abusers  [31]  . Subdivided into needle exchange programs and methadone substitution therapies, harm reduction is viewed as a far-reaching innovative approach to the problem of substance abuse and its related risks. The salient feature of this novel method is the radical shift in focus to the prevention of harm caused by substance abuse, rather than on the prevention of drug use itself. This entails recognising the existence of a substance abuse problem in society which in turn indicates the inability or sometimes even failure of concerned authorities in tackling the drug problem. This approach was often discussed in Mauritius after recognition of the threat of HIV as well as other blood borne diseases which were spreading through injecting drug use. (RSA())  [32]  . Stakeholders including the National AIDS Secretariat  [33]  agreed that harm reduction does not undermine but instead complements approaches seeking to prevent or decrease drug consumption. It is based on the recognition that many people throughout the world continue to use drugs despite the best of efforts to prevent drug use. Rationale Behind Harm Reduction Harm Reduction and Human Rights The harm reduction approach to drugs is based on a strong pledge to public health and human rights. Harm reduction interventions have found support among numerous United Nations (UN)  [34]  human rights mechanisms, specifically in context of HIV prevention and the right to attain the highest achievable standard of health International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights  [35]  Ã‚  (ICESCR) And Harm Reduction. The Committee on the Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights  [36]  (CESCR) has recommended  [37]  many times that States Parties scale up their harm reduction programmes in order to meet their obligations under Article 12  [38]  of the ICESCR. In its Concluding Observations on Ukraine (2007), the Committee stated that it was gravely concerned atà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the limited access by drug users to substitution therapy, and recommended that the state party make drug substitution therapy and other HIV prevention services more accessible for drug users  [39]  . In 2009, the UN Human Rights Council  [40]  adopted a resolution on human rights and HIV/AIDS that unequivocally provided support to harm reduction programs, including needle exchange. The resolution reflected past Commitments  [41]  made at the General Assembly  [42]  in 2001 and again in 2006. In 2010, the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs  [43]  adopted a resolution more than ever, backing the far-reaching package of interventions for HIV prevention treatment and among injecting drug users. Both ECOSOC and the UNAIDS Programme Co-ordinating Board(will be explained in footnote) have also endorsed these interventions. Article 15.1.b ((will be laid out in footnote) guarantees the right of everyone to benefit from scientific progress and its applications. In the context of injecting driven HIV, this implies a right to benefit from evidence based programs that can prevent, treat and control HIV/AIDS and other drug related potential diseases. Harm reduction methods have been backed by extensive scientific evidence base indicative of their effectiveness at reducing injecting-related risks. Research Based Rationale Supply reduction has been used in Mauritius now, since many years and although being an expensive method to combat substance abuse, drug trafficking crimes and substance abuse is still well present in the Mauritian society. 2002, 2003 to 2004 mode of transmission of HIV and blood borne infections steadily shifted from heterosexual activities to injecting drug use.(annexed charts) The 2009 Injecting Drug User HIV surveillance survey was implemented by the AIDS Unit of the Mauritius Ministry of Health and Quality of Life (MOHQL). HIV prevalence is 47.4%. Hepatitis C prevalence is 97.3%. (Results of the survey will be annexed as table) Currently, injecting drug use comprises the bulk of HIV infections in Mauritius. Whereas in 2002 injecting drug use accounted for 14% of all new HIV infections in Mauritius, this percentage increased dramatically to 92% in 2005.  [44]  Although HIV prevalence among Injecting Drug Users appears to have decreased gradually to 73% in 2008, this percentage is still cause for worry. The use of non-sterile needles and syringes and other injecting drug equipment is an extremely efficient mode of HIV transmission and remains a key factor aggravating the HIV epidemic among drug users worldwide. Estimation of population size of IDUs in 2009 has been rounded off at 10000. High-risk injection drug use practices 61.2% of Injecting Drug Users reported injecting two to three times a day and 29.3% reported injecting with a previously used needle in the past month The Implementation of Harm Reduction In Mauritius Harm reduction implemented in Mauritius under two programs: Methadone Substitution Therapy and The Needle Exchange Program Methadone Substitution Therapy (MST) Methadone hydrochloride is an opioid (will be explained in footnote). Methadone is now primarily used today for the treatment of narcotic addiction. Methadones effects can last up to 24 hours, thereby given only once a day in heroin detoxification and maintenance programs for the treatment of people dependent on heroin and other opioids. (sources will be provided in footnote) Methadone is usually available as a liquid and drunk with fruit juice. MST works by reducing cravings and blocking highs from heroin. It does not provide the euphoric rush. The drug user under MST will no longer experience extreme highs and lows that results from the level of heroin in the blood. (source will provided in footnote). Ultimately, the patient remains physically dependent on the opioid, but is freed from the uncontrolled, compulsive, and disruptive behavior seen in heroin addicts. National Detoxification Centre For MST found at Cità © Barkly. Program may be residential (15 days) or day-care. Drug users are induced on methadone under medical supervision and doses consequently adjusted. 16 methadone dispensing points from which drug users, after having gone through initial induction receive their daily doses of methadone. Needle Exchange Program Forms part of harm reduction strategy and is funded by the Government through the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life and partially by international organisations such as the Global Fund. NGOs and Government through Ministry Of Health and Quality of life both carry out NEPs. The program offers a comprehensive package of services which include exchange of used needles, HIV counselling and testing, provision of condoms and alcohol swabs and referrals for rehabilitation services (where requested) as well as other HIV-related services. The Mauritian Needle Exchange Program Implementation of Needle Exchange Program In Mauritius Having recognised injecting drug use as the main vehicle of blood borne transmission, the aim behind carrying out needle exchange programs is to transmission  of HIV  and other  viral  infections  (Hepatitis  B  Ã‚  C)  which travels through contaminated syringes and equipments. NEP protects the IDU, by ensuring provision of safe, clean and sterile injecting equipment, eliminating risk of transmission of HIV and blood borne infections through sharing. NEP protects not only the IDU but also IDUs sexual partner. Needle exchange started in 2006 by two NGOs- Ki Nu à ©tà © and Prevention Information et Lutte contre le Sida (PILS) on two sites Batterie Cassà © and Baie Du Tombeau (source will be cited in footnote) Adoption of HIV/AIDS Act in 2006 which provided legal framework for NEP following which November 2007 saw government through the Ministry of Health And Quality of Life endorse NEP in Mauritius through the official launching of the NEP in Mauritius. A third NGO started NEP on a new site at Tranquebar in November 2007 In 2008, MOHQL called for tenders for new NGOS willing to participate in NEP, with only one response and in February 2008 Idriss Goomany Centre (IGC) started Needle Exchange on a new site in Plaine Verte March 2008 saw some of the non-governmental organisations undertaking needle exchange till date regroup themselves under the aegis of one central organisation Collectif Urgence Toxida (CUT). CUT consists of Ki Nu Età ©, PILS and Rapid IGC joined CUT for a limited time period only. In April 2008 two new sites for needle exchange were put into operation by CUT. May 2008 : official kick off of government run NEP It is worth noting that Mauritius has pioneered government run needle exchange in Sub-Saharan Africa As of date- 35 sites officially operating for Government run NEP and 17 sites for NGOs run NEP Operation of the Mauritian Needle Exchange Program Two principal methods of operation, NGO run NEP and Government Run NEP NGOs: street based needle exchange. Usually, two members of the NGO visit a fixed spot in the locality the site, a certain number times per week (depending on the NGO in question) and have a number of syringes with them and an empty gallon. IDUs come to see them , bringing with them the used syringes which are disposed in the gallon and are given new sterile syringes by the members. IDUs are assigned a code when they visit the sites. It should be noted that this is not for identification purposes of the IDUs but rather for monitoring and reporting purposes (Number of syringes per IDUs, number of IDUs visiting each sitesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Disposal of the needles is made after closure of sites for the day, by dropping them off at regional hospitals, where they are burnt in the incinerators. MOHQL: Mobile NEP through two operational caravans. Two authorised health care assistants and one qualified nurse per caravan (identified by Ministry issed identification cards). Each caravan visit three sites daily, spending an average of one hour and a half to two hours on each site. Work in collaboration with peer leaders amongst IDUs who help facilitate smooth interacting between IDU crowds and the government staff. The Needle Exchange Program in Mauritius and Other Policy Measures Needle Exchange And Demand Reduction: Demand reduction, focuses on detoxification and management of withdrawal syndromes with the aim of long term abstinence. However, the results yielded are not the expected ones as detoxification succeeds in removing people from the drug scene in the short term but the relapse rates usually approach 100 per cent (Fact Sheet Supply Demand And Harm Reduction, Burnet Institute Centre For Harm Reduction). Needle Exchange And Methadone Substitution Therapy Contrasting costs of providing needle and costs of providing methadone Return rate of syringes; and treatment follow-up statistics and relapse rates for MST Efficiency of both harm reducting programs in the sense that they would still cost less even than provision of antiretroviral treatment to an HIV positive person (provision of non-generic anti-retroviral may approximate $15000) The Needle Exchange Program and Its Framework In Mauritius Adoption of the HIV/AIDS Act 2006 Needle exchange was carried out by NGOs even before the HIV/AIDS Act came into effect. As such, they faced a legal impediment in the sense that the practice of needle exchange was inconsistent with the provisions of existing laws which is the Dangerous Drugs Act at its section 34(c) which made possession of injecting equipment and drug paraphernalia a criminal offence. Following several committees of various stakeholders including the MOHQL itself, police officers, specially members of the ADSU and NGOs , it was agreed that there was a need for a framework to regulate the situation of NEPs. HIV/AIDS Act 2006 was then adopted in 2006 with general consensus by members of parliaments (comments of few members from Hansard will be included here and lengthier works will be attached) and came into effect in August 2007. Aims of HIV/AIDS Act 06 according to the act itself is to provide for measures for the prevention and containment of HIV and AIDS Analysis of this aim was a framework really required to provide for prevention measures which are done principally through education, information and sensitization, and containment which is already handled through supply-side reduction. This tends to lead to the conclusion that the true motive behind the HIV/AIDS Act was to provide a legal framework for the NEP Possession of Syringes and Needles and the HIV/AIDS Act 06 Article 2 of the International Convenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights also requires legislative reform in order to create a legal and policy environment conducive to the scale up of these services and the removal of barriers to access and coverage to improve accessibility. Hence in line with this, Section 16 of the HIV/AIDS Act deals with the Possession of syringes and needles in the context of NEP. It in fact through very explicit terms decriminalizes its possession in the circumstance of the NEP. This was crucial because : possession of a used needle and syringe may be used as circumstantial evidence to lay other drug-related charges. For this reason some clients may be reluctant to return used equipment to NEP site. fear of being arrested while in possession of drugs and/or injection equipment can lead IDUs to rush injections, skip safer injection techniques (e.g., hand and skin cleaning) and to feel so anxious that they cannot inject with accuracy. All of these consequences can increase the risk of injection-related problems such as infections and skin and soft-tissue damage However Section 34 (c) has still not yet been repealed. Questionned by NGOs as to whether this is a best practice. Needle Exchange: Health and Safety Under the HIV/AIDS Act 06 Handling of used syringes by personnel involved under the NEP compliance with Occupational Health and Safety Act Applicable only for Govt. Run NEPs Section 10 Risk Assessment By Employment (Will be showed in footnote) Is this carried out? Section 35 Cleanliness (Will be showed in footnote) Analysis of whether the caravans meet up with these requirements Section 37 Ventilation and Temperature (Will be showed in footnote) Analysis of whether the caravans meet up with these requirements Section 39 Sanitary Conveniences (Will be showed in footnote) Analysis of whether the caravans meet up with these requirements Section 40 Supply of drinking water (Will be showed in footnote) Analysis of whether the caravans meet up with these requirements Section 41 Washing Facilities (Will be showed in footnote)

Colonialism and Politics - European Perceptions of Africa Essay

European Perceptions of Africa      Ã‚  Ã‚   Living in the dawn of the 21st century, the idea of economic development permeates third world politics.   Perhaps no single issue has raised so much hope, or so much scepticism, as the idea of development.   Historically, attempts at economic development have resulted in varying degrees of success and failure.   Nowhere has this been more apparent as in Africa.   By the 20th century, Africa began to play an increasingly important role in the European economy.   In the 1920's, Europe promoted Laissez-Faire policies in Africa, but gradually shifted towards protectionism and Neo-Mercantilism in the 1930's, and finally to disengagement in the 1950's.   The purpose of this essay is to chronicle these changes in European perceptions of Africa's role in the global economy, and explain that although the outcome of these policy-changes eventually led to the end of colonial rule, the political, social, and economic effects of these policies made it impossible for the Africans to enjoy true independence.    The first part of the 20th century was characterized by European imperialist policies in Africa.   Seen as the "White Man's Burden," Africa's wealth and raw materials were exploited as cheap exports to support metropoles in Europe.   Before the mid-1920's there was a high demand for tropical goods (sugar, cotton, cash crops, etc.).   Correspondingly, both France and Britain prescribed laissez-faire liberalist policies for Africa.   The idea was to open up Africa's wealth to the world while keeping it a net exporter of raw materials used in the manufacture of European goods.   But by the mid-1920's, Africa's role began to change.   The European economy, ravaged by World War One, was forced to rebuild.... ...7. Cooper, F. and R. Packard, (eds).   International Development and the Social Science. University of California Press; 1997. Davidson, Basil.   Black Man's Burden:   African and the Curse of the Nation-State.   New York Times Books; 1992.    1 Austen, Ralph.   African Economic History.   London:   James Currey, 1987.   P. 199 2 Ibid.   P. 202 3 Ibid.   P. 203 4 Ibid.   P. 203 5 Cooper, F. and R. Packard, (eds).   International Development and the Social Science.   University of California Press, 1997.   P. 67 6 Ibid.   P. 67 7 Ibid.   P. 65 8 Austen, Ralph.   African Economic History.   P. 199 9 Davidson, Basil.   Black Man's Burden:   African and the Curse of the Nation-State.   New York Times Books; 1992.   P. 181 10 Ake, Claud.   Democracy and Development in Africa.   Brookings Institution, 1996.   P. 2 11 Ibid.   P. 7   

Photos, Photography, and Images - The Superiority of Images Over Words :: Free Argumentative Essays

The Superiority of Images Over Words The battle for superiority and dominance between words and images is long and on-going. Both can be found everywhere, mostly in books, magazines, television, paintings, and movies. However, in more recent years, the dominance of images over words can be seen. In a world where better, faster, and easier communication is necessary, images are a far better option than words. Mitchell Stephens in â€Å"By Means of the Visible: A Picture’s Worth,† Ward Churchill in â€Å"Crimes Against Humanity,† and the director of Within These Walls, Mike Robe, concur that images such as gestures, symbols, and pictures have a widespread and profound influence. In truth, â€Å"painting is much more eloquent than speech, and often penetrates more deeply into one’s heart† (Stephens 473). Thus, images are more powerful than words because they communicate more clearly and concisely, cater for a wider and more diverse audience, and connect with people on a deepe r level. Images such as pictures dominate words because they can relay messages in a clear and succinct manner. The purpose of being able to communicate in the most effective way possible is to spread knowledge and information. However, when miscommunication becomes a factor and a problem, the quality of the knowledge being relayed becomes tainted. Stephens has found that images are a way to remedy this. He reasons that because â€Å"primates are visual animals, and think best in pictorial or geometric terms,† humans need images in order to fully explain and/or understand a concept (480). Unfortunately, the Nazis understood the power of this theory. Churchill found that while spreading anti-Semitic propaganda, the Nazis drew â€Å"grotesque caricatures of Jewish faces† (498). Immediately, messages of inferiority and hatred spread throughout Germany. Even without words, such pictures had a profound effect. It influenced â€Å"average Germans to later indulge in th e outright liquidation of Jewish ‘vermin’† (501). Even though images were used negatively, it is clear that they have a deep effect on people’s perception and understanding. Words, however, cannot have the same effect. Because abstract words and emotions such as hate require â€Å"a deep understanding,† they â€Å"can be put into images but are difficult to put into words† (Stephens 480). Therefore, images remain dominant over words because a single picture can depict complex emotions that no word or group of words can accomplish.

Career Plan Building Activity, Work Culture Essay

I am grateful surprise with the results of my Career Plan Building Activity; Work Culture Activity Based on my Work Culture Preferences results I am: Ethical Emphasis on fairness, promoting equal rights and justice, the chance to make a positive contribution to the society, emphasis and social and environmental responsibility. Expert Control your own work schedule and organization, high engagement-people encouraged to express opinions, innovative, creative atmosphere, and emphasis in specialist expertise Supportive Secure, stable environment defined job and expectations, no conflicting demands, focus on employee welfare, recognition and celebration of success, open communication, personal development support Work culture is the link that connects employees with organizations. A great work culture generates the foundation of its success, is the backbone of any organization. Work cultures are diverse between organizations, it is important to know how to communicate and maintain an effective communication channels. Companies differ in philosophy, culture and style, and could (Hanly, 2012) impact in how employees work with each other. â€Å"Workplace culture is derived both from the imposed organizational structure as well as from the personalities of individual employees. Workplace culture affects how people feel while at work† Understanding elements of the work place culture will help managers to create a comfortable workplace environment in which employees become more efficient and productive (Samantha Hanly, Demand Media, 2011) * What do your results tell you about how you communicate? Effective communication is critical in business; it could make the difference between success and failure. Most workplaces are the reflection of the employee’s personality and management style, is very important that management establish, distributing and reinforce the Business Values as: respect, customer satisfaction, safety and integrity, etc. Management needs to decide what is more important to the business and communicate to the employees; leading by example *What steps will you take to improve the quality of your message? †¢Identify the audience that I would like to communicate, considering job titles, background, ethnicity, culture. †¢Establish a well-defined communication channels †¢Analyze the message that I want to communicate †¢The message must be clear, direct, shortest possible, with a little sense of humor